Night Sky Research Articles

The impact of ambient temperature on the spectral characteristics of LED sources in the context of astronomical observations of the night sky

The Spectral Power Distribution (SPD) of artificial light sources is a crucial factor in determining the extent of night sky degradation due to light pollution. External temperature affects the properties of LED lamps, including their SPD. In this study, we investigated the impact of ambient temperatures ranging from -25°C to 25°C on the spectral characteristics of 14 LED sources used in outdoor lighting. The obtained SPDs were then used to calculate the Scotopic Sky Luminance Ratio index, enabling the assessment of changes in night sky degradation. Full Text: PDF References K. Baran, A. Różowicz, H. Wachta, S. Różowicz, "Modeling of Selected Lighting Parameters of LED Panel", Energies, 13(14), 3583 (2020). CrossRef P. Tabaka, "Influence of Replacement of Sodium Lamps in Park Luminaires with LED Sources of Different Closest Color Temperature on the Effect of Light Pollution and Energy Efficiency", Energies, 14(19), 6383 (2021). CrossRef P. Tabaka, P. Rozga, "Influence of a Light Source Installed in a Luminaire of Opal Sphere Type on the Effect of Light Pollution", Energies, 13(2), 306 (2020). CrossRef P. Tabaka (ed.), "Sztuczne światło nocą między zagrożeniem a rozwojem", Lodz University of Technology Press (2022), CrossRef D. Sanders, E. Frago, R. Kehoe, Ch. Patterson, K. J. Gaston, "A meta-analysis of biological impacts of artificial light at night", Nature Ecology & Evolution, 5: 74-81 (2021). CrossRef F. Falchi, P. et al.,, "The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness", Science Advances, 2, 6 (2016). CrossRef R. F. Green, Ch. B. Luginbuhl, R. J. Wainscoat, D. Duriscoe, "The growing threat of light pollution to ground-based observatories", Astron. Astrophys. Rev., 30, 1 (2022). CrossRef C.C.M. Kyba, "Is light pollution getting better or worse?", Nature Astronomy, 2: 267-269 (2018), CrossRef CIE 2019 "CIE Spectral luminous efficiency for scotopic vision" CrossRef P. Tabaka, S. Kołomański, "Influence of replacing discharge lamps with LED sources in outdoor lighting installations on astronomical observations", Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., 71, 6 (2023). CrossRef M. Deląg, S. Różowicz, A. Różowicz, H. Wachta, "Impact of Ambient Temperature on the Colour Temperature of Low-pressure Mercury Discharge Lamps", Energetyka-Elektryka-Zakłócenia, 12(3) (2021). CrossRef M. Oleksy, J. Kraśniewski, W. Janke, "Wpływ temperatury na charakterystyki optyczne i elektryczne diod LED mocy", Przegląd Elektrotechniczny, 90(9), 83 (2014). CrossRef H. Horvath et al., "Optical characteristics of the aerosol in Spain and Austria and its effect on radiative forcing", J. Geophys. Res., 107, D19 (2002). CrossRef Raport IMGW-PIB DirectLink

Assessing the Influence of Urban Lights on Night Sky Brightness with a Smartphone

The darkness of the sky is a critical parameter for assessing the suitability of an astronomical site. Among various sources of light pollution, urban lights pose the most significant threat to ground-based optical astronomical and planetary observations. Quantitatively assessing the impact of urban lights with varying scales and fluxes is indispensable for selecting an ideal optical observation site. In order to quantitatively assess the changes in Night Sky Brightness (NSB) relative to the distance from urban areas and to establish a foundation for safeguarding the light environment at the newly developed Lenghu astronomical site on the Tibetan Plateau, we employed both a Sky Quality Meter and a pre-calibrated smartphone. These instruments were used to measure the NSB in the vicinity of two cities, Da Qaidam and Delingha, which vary in size and radiant flux, on the Tibetan Plateau. The findings indicate that the NSB around both cities decreases significantly as the distance from the city center increases, although the rate of decrease varies between the two locations. This decline can be effectively modeled using an exponential decay function. Notably, the influence of city lights on NSB becomes negligible at distances exceeding 30 km from Da Qaidam, while for Delingha, this distance extends to 50 km due to its larger city size and higher total radiant flux. The methodologies and results presented in this paper offer valuable insights for the selection of astronomical observation sites and the development of light pollution management policies.

Measurement of the zodiacal light absolute intensity through Fraunhofer line spectroscopy of the night sky with the Hale telescope

Abstract Measuring the absolute brightness of the zodiacal light (ZL), which is the sunlight scattered by interplanetary dust particles, is important not only for understanding the physical properties of the dust but also for constraining the extragalactic background light (EBL) by subtracting the ZL foreground. We describe the results of high-resolution spectroscopic observations of the night sky in the wavelength range of 300–900 nm with the double spectrograph on the Hale telescope to determine the absolute brightness of the ZL continuum spectra from the Fraunhofer absorption line intensities. The observed fields are part of the fields observed by the Spitzer Space Telescope for the EBL study. Assuming that the spectral shape of the zodiacal light is identical to the solar spectrum in a narrow region around the Fraunhofer lines, we decomposed the observed sky brightness into multiple emission components by amplitude parameter fitting with spectral templates of the airglow, ZL, diffuse Galactic light, integrated starlight, and other isotropic components including EBL. As a result, the ZL component with the Ca ii λλ 393.3, 396.8 nm Fraunhofer lines around 400 nm is clearly separated from the others in all fields with uncertainties around 20%, mainly due to the template errors and the time variability of the airglow. The observed ZL brightness in most of the observed fields is consistent with the modeled ZL brightness calculated by combining the most conventional ZL model at 1250 nm based on the Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment and the observational ZL template spectrum based on the Hubble Space Telescope. However, the ecliptic plane observation is considerably fainter than the ZL model, and this discrepancy is discussed in terms of the optical properties of the interplanetary dust accreted in the ecliptic plane.

Exploring Community Self-efficacy to Light Pollution Mitigation in A Tourism Destination

ABSTRACT Light pollution is an emergent environmental concern, it disrupts the natural patterns of wildlife, contributes to the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, disrupts human sleep, and obscures the stars in the night sky. However, rural and urban communities often overlook this factor, since it is not seen as a problem, and even if the destination has taken measures to mitigate light pollution, it is still challenging to maintain optimal levels. This study applied a questionnaire (N = 366) to examine the community involvement in light pollution mitigation in a Portuguese rural tourism destination in 2023. Results demonstrated that tourism is not a sufficient incentive for participants to take individual measures to mitigate light pollution (β = 0.075, p = 0.243). However, they consider that integrating tourism with light pollution mitigation at the local community level could enhance the tourist experience (β = 0.427, p = 0.000). Tourism destinations should promote environmental education about the effects of light pollution.

Satellite Hyperspectral Nighttime Light Observation and Identification with DESIS

The satellite imagery of nighttime lights (NTLs) has been studied to understand human activities, economic development, and more recently, the ecological impact of brighter night skies. The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Day–Night Band (DNB) offers perhaps the most advanced nighttime imaging capabilities to date, but its large pixel size and single band capture large-scale changes in NTL while missing granular but important details, such as lighting type and brightness. To better understand individual NTL sources in a region, the spectra of nighttime lights captured by the DLR Earth Sensing Imaging Spectrometer (DESIS) were extracted and compared against near-coincident VIIRS DNB imagery. The analysis shows that DESIS’s finer spatial and spectral resolutions can detect individual NTL locations and types beyond what is possible with the DNB. Extracted night light spectra, validated against ground truth measurements, demonstrate DESIS’s ability to accurately detect and identify narrow-band atomic emission lines that characterize the spectra of high-intensity discharge (HID) light sources and the broader spectral features associated with different light-emitting diode (LED) lights. These results suggest the possible application of using hyperspectral data from moderate-resolution sensors to identify lamp construction details, such as illumination source type and light quality in low-light contexts. NTL data from DESIS and other hyperspectral sensors may improve the scientific understanding of light pollution, lighting quality, and energy efficiency by identifying, evaluating, and mapping individual and small groups of light sources.

The ArgusSpec Prototype: Autonomous Spectroscopic Follow-up of Flares Detected by Large Array Telescopes

ArgusSpec is a prototype autonomous spectroscopic follow-up instrument designed to characterize flares detected by the Argus Pathfinder telescope array by taking short exposure (30 s) broadband spectra (370–750 nm) at low resolutions (R ∼ 150 at 500 nm). The instrument is built from consumer off-the-shelf astronomical equipment, assembled inside a shipping container, and deployed alongside the Argus Pathfinder at a dark sky observing site in Western North Carolina. In this paper, we describe the hardware design, system electronics, custom control software suite, automated target acquisition procedure, and data reduction pipeline. We present initial on-sky test data used to evaluate system performance and show a series of spectra taken of a small flare from AD Leonis. The $35k prototype ArgusSpec was designed, built, and deployed in under a year, largely from existing parts, and has been operating on-sky since 2023 March. With current hardware and software, the system is capable of receiving an observation, slewing, performing autonomous slit acquisition, and beginning data acquisition within an average of 32 s. With Argus Pathfinder’s 1 s cadence survey reporting alerts of rising sources within 2 s of onset, ArgusSpec can reach new targets well within a minute of the start of the event. As built, ArgusSpec can observe targets down to a 20σ limiting magnitude of m V ≈ 13 at 30 s cadence with an optical resolution of R ∼ 150 (at 500 nm). With automated rapid acquisition demonstrated, later hardware upgrades will be based on a clean-sheet optical design, solving many issues in the current system, significantly improving the limiting magnitude, and potentially enabling deep spectroscopy by the coaddition of data from an array of ArgusSpec systems. The primary science driver behind ArgusSpec is the characterization of the blackbody evolution of flares from nearby M-dwarfs. Large flares emitted by these stars could have significant impacts on the potential habitability of any orbiting exoplanets, but our current understanding of these events is in large part built on observations from a handful of active stars. ArgusSpec will characterize large numbers of flares from across the night sky, building a spectroscopic library of the most extreme events from a wide variety of stellar masses and ages.

Visitor outcomes from dark sky tourism: a case study of the Jasper Dark Sky Festival

ABSTRACT Dark sky tourism is a growing, but under-studied sector of ecotourism. While some research has examined the economic impacts, regional sustainability, and management of dark sky tourism, researchers know little about tourist experiences and outcomes. This study seeks to determine visitor outcomes (satisfaction, learning, attitudes, and behavior changes) among participants at the Jasper Dark Sky Festival in Alberta, Canada. Visitors were middle-aged, balanced between genders, traveled an average of 430 km, and were primarily urban-based. Most were first-time visitors, were present 2 or more days, and attended over 5 festival events. Respondents reported high satisfaction levels, due to the low cost and diversity of events, and welcoming nature of the community, presenters, and volunteers. Respondents reported many areas of learning, particularly about the night sky and night animals. Respondents had very positive attitudes about protecting dark skies, but only 42% planned to change any behaviors to protect dark skies. Study results will help festival organizers design dark sky tourism events to optimize visitor outcomes. In particular, festival organizers can address some barriers to behavioral change, such as stressing the value of dark skies and providing information about how to reduce light pollution.

Moonless night sky increases Isistius species (cookiecutter shark) and live human contact.

The nocturnal feeding behavior and zoogeographical habitat of cookiecutter sharks Isistius brasiliensis and Isistius plutodus (Isistius spp.) greatly reduces interaction of this species with live humans. Attacks on live humans are exceedingly rare with 7 cases reported worldwide, 6 of them in Hawai'i, and 5 of these occuring among channel swimmers. Published research suggests that periods of bright moonlight may increase Isistius spp. contact with live humans and does not otherwise identify significant trends or risk factors. Yet 5 of the 6 Isistius spp. bites on live humans in Hawai'ian waters occurred with the moon set and after nautical twilight end and before nautical twilight start. From 1961-2023 in Hawai'i, 129 successful solo channel crosses and 5 Isistius spp. related injuries in the habitat of cookiecutter sharks were analyzed across two groups: one where both the moon and sun were set (dark group) and one where the moon and/or sun was in the sky (light group). There was a significant difference for swimmers bitten by Isistius spp. in the dark 4 (12%) versus light groups 1 (1%), p = 0.012, RR 12.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.5-108.9). Swim start time and year was also significant (Pearson correlation 0.566, p <0.001). Swimmer gender and use of shark deterrent devices and artificial illumination were not significant. The growing popularity of channel swimming in Hawai'i and swim start times have contributed to an increasing likelihood of live human and Isistius spp. contact and a moonless night sky is a significant risk factor for this interaction.

Polarisation vision in the dark: Green-sensitive photoreceptors in the nocturnal ball-rolling dung beetle Escarabaeus satyrus.

Many insects utilise the polarisation pattern of the sky to adjust their travelling directions. The extraction of directional information from this sky-wide cue is mediated by specialised photoreceptors located in the dorsal rim area (DRA). While this part of the eye is known to be sensitive to the ultraviolet, blue or green component of skylight, the latter has only been observed only in insects active in dim light. To address the functional significance of this, we define the spectral and morphological adaptations of the DRA in a nocturnal ball-rolling dung beetle, the only family of insects demonstrated to orient to the dim polarisation pattern in the night sky. Intracellular recordings revealed polarisation sensitive green photoreceptors in the DRA of Escarabaeus satyrus. Behavioural experiments verified the navigational relevance of this finding. To quantify the adaptive value of green sensitivity for celestial orientation at night, we also obtained the polarisation properties of the night sky in the natural habitat of the beetle. Calculations of relative photon catch revealed that under a moonlit sky the green-sensitive DRA photoreceptors should catch an order of magnitude more photons compared to the UV-sensitive photoreceptors in the main retina. The green-sensitive photoreceptors - which also show a range of morphological adaptations for enhanced sensitivity - provides E. satyrus with a highly sensitive system for the extraction of directional information from the night sky.

Embracing firefly flash pattern variability with data-driven species classification

Many nocturnally active fireflies use precisely timed bioluminescent patterns to identify mates, making them especially vulnerable to light pollution. As urbanization continues to brighten the night sky, firefly populations are under constant stress, and close to half of the species are now threatened. Ensuring the survival of firefly biodiversity depends on a large-scale conservation effort to monitor and protect thousands of populations. While species can be identified by their flash patterns, current methods require expert measurement and manual classification and are infeasible given the number and geographic distribution of fireflies. Here we present the application of a recurrent neural network (RNN) for accurate automated firefly flash pattern classification. Using recordings from commodity cameras, we can extract flash trajectories of individuals within a swarm and classify their species with an accuracy of approximately seventy percent. In addition to its potential in population monitoring, automated classification provides the means to study firefly behavior at the population level. We employ the classifier to measure and characterize the variability within and between swarms, unlocking a new dimension of their behavior. Our method is open source, and deployment in community science applications could revolutionize our ability to monitor and understand firefly populations.

Strategies for optimal sky subtraction in the low surface brightness regime

ABSTRACT The low surface brightness (LSB) regime (μg  ≳  26 mag arcsec−2) comprises a vast, mostly unexplored discovery space, from dwarf galaxies to the diffuse interstellar medium. Accessing this regime requires precisely removing instrumental signatures and light contamination, including, most critically, night sky emission. This is not trivial, as faint astrophysical and instrumental contamination can bias sky models at the precision needed to characterize LSB structures. Using idealized synthetic images, we assess how this bias impacts two common LSB-oriented sky-estimation algorithms: (1) masking and parametric modelling, and (2) stacking and smoothing dithered exposures. Undetected flux limits both methods by imposing a pedestal offset to all derived sky models. Careful, deep masking of fixed sources can mitigate this, but source density always imposes a fundamental limit. Stellar scattered light can contribute ∼28–29 mag arcsec−2 of background flux even in low-density fields; its removal is critical prior to sky estimation. For complex skies, image combining is an effective non-parametric approach, although it strongly depends on observing strategy and adds noise to images on the smoothing kernel scale. Preemptive subtraction of fixed sources may be the only practical approach for robust sky estimation. We thus tested a third algorithm, subtracting a preliminary sky-subtracted coadd from exposures to isolate sky emission. Unfortunately, initial errors in sky estimation propagate through all subsequent sky models, making the method impractical. For large-scale surveys like Legacy Survey of Space and Time, where key science goals constrain observing strategy, masking and modelling remain the optimal sky estimation approach, assuming stellar scattered light is removed first.

The sky at night

Unleash children's curiosity about the night sky, with a host of activity and clever resources ideas. By Julie Mountain and Felicity Robinson

Numerical simulation of image formation in an optical device in the problem of space monitoring

Space monitoring systems are being developed for space object and debris observation. There are the following problems in this area: optimizing the operation of existing optoelectronic devices, locating new devices, analyzing the monitoring results of outer space. It is necessary to use modeling in order to solve these problems. In this regard, the authors aimed to investigate the process of image formation on a photodetector under specified observation conditions. A mathematical model of image formation was constructed and a software implementation of this model was developed. Synthetic images of the night sky and images of the trajectories of space objects under given conditions were formed. The obtained results were compared with real images from telescopes.

Musculoskeletal morphogenesis supports the convergent evolution of bat laryngeal echolocation.

The order Chiroptera (bats) is the second largest group of mammals. One of the essential adaptations that have allowed bats to dominate the night skies is laryngeal echolocation, where bats emit ultrasonic pulses and listen to the returned echo to produce high-resolution 'images' of their surroundings. There are two possible scenarios for the evolutionary origin of laryngeal echolocation in bats: (1) a single origin in a common ancestor followed by the secondary loss in Pteropodidae, or (2) two convergent origins in Rhinolophoidea and Yangochiroptera. Although data from palaeontological, anatomical, developmental and genomic studies of auditory apparatuses exist, they remain inconclusive concerning the evolutionary origin of bat laryngeal echolocation. Here we compared musculoskeletal morphogenesis of the larynx in several chiropteran lineages and found distinct laryngeal modifications in two echolocating lineages, rhinolophoids and yangochiropterans. Our findings support the second scenario that rhinolophoids and yangochiropterans convergently evolved advanced laryngeal echolocation through anatomical modifications of the larynx for ultrasonic sound generation and refinement of the auditory apparatuses for more detailed sound perception.

Automation in Middle- and Upper-Atmosphere LIDAR Operations: A Maximum Rayleigh Altitude Prediction System Based on Night Sky Imagery

A prediction system was developed to determine the maximum Rayleigh altitude (MRA) by improving the automated detection of LIDAR power-on conditions and adapting to advancements in middle- and upper-atmosphere LIDAR technology. The proposed system was developed using observational data and nighttime sky imagery collected from multiple LIDAR stations. To assess the accuracy of predictions, three key parameters were employed: mean square error, root mean square error, and mean absolute error. Among the three prediction models created through multivariate regression and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) analyses, the most suitable model was selected for predicting the MRA. One-month predictions demonstrated the accuracy of the MRA with a maximum error of no more than 5 km and an average error of less than 2 km. This technology has been successfully implemented in numerous LIDAR stations, enhancing their automation capabilities and providing key technical support for large-scale, unmanned, and operational deployments in the middle- and upper-atmosphere LIDAR systems.

Shedding light on low-surface-brightness galaxies in dark energy surveys with transformer models

Context. Low-surface-brightness galaxies (LSBGs), which are defined as galaxies that are fainter than the night sky, play a crucial role in our understanding of galaxy evolution and in cosmological models. Upcoming large-scale surveys, such as Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time and Euclid, are expected to observe billions of astronomical objects. In this context, using semiautomatic methods to identify LSBGs would be a highly challenging and time-consuming process, and automated or machine learning-based methods are needed to overcome this challenge. Aims. We study the use of transformer models in separating LSBGs from artefacts in the data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) Data Release 1. Using the transformer models, we then search for new LSBGs from the DES that the previous searches may have missed. Properties of the newly found LSBGs are investigated, along with an analysis of the properties of the total LSBG sample in DES. Methods. We created eight different transformer models and used an ensemble of these eight models to identify LSBGs. This was followed by a single-component Sérsic model fit and a final visual inspection to filter out false positives. Results. Transformer models achieved an accuracy of ~94% in separating the LSBGs from artefacts. In addition, we identified 4083 new LSBGs in DES, adding an additional ~17% to the LSBGs already known in DES. This also increased the number density of LSBGs in DES to 5.5 deg−2. The new LSBG sample consists of mainly blue and compact galaxies. We performed a clustering analysis of the LSBGs in DES using an angular two-point auto-correlation function and found that LSBGs cluster more strongly than their high-surface-brightness counterparts. This effect is driven by the red LSBG. We associated 1310 LSBGs with galaxy clusters and identified 317 ultradiffuse galaxies among them. We found that these cluster LSBGs are getting bluer and larger in size towards the edge of the clusters when compared with those in the centre. Conclusions. Transformer models have the potential to be equivalent to convolutional neural networks as state-of-the-art algorithms in analysing astronomical data. The significant number of LSBGs identified from the same dataset using a different algorithm highlights the substantial impact of our methodology on our capacity to discover LSBGs. The reported number density of LSBGs is only a lower estimate and can be expected to increase with the advent of surveys with better image quality and more advanced methodologies.

Trend svjetline noćnog neba iznad Zagreba u razdoblju 2012.–2022.

The night sky brightness at the RGN site (near the centre of Zagreb, Croatia) was monitored from January 2012 to August 2022. The first data set, covering the period 2012 to 2017, has already been analysed and the conclusions were published in Andreić (2018). The main conclusions are repeated here for comparison and completeness. The results of the analysis of the second dataset, covering the period from January 2018 to July 2022, are reported here. The first data analysis showed that the average night sky brightness did not change significantly from 2012 to 2017, excluding differences due to annual variations in meteorological parameters. The second data set (2018 to 2022) showed a slight decrease in night sky brightness compared to the first data set. The difference is small, about 0.2 mag/arcsec2 (mean values). In the second data set, there is a trend toward darker nights in later years that began three or four years ago (around 2019 or 2020). It is attributed to the modernisation of the public lighting network, where old, often very poor lighting fixtures are slowly being replaced by modern LED lighting fixtures, and to the effects of climatic changes leading to warmer winters with more clear nights.

Toward a Spectrophotometric Characterization of the Chilean Night Sky. A First Quantitative Assessment of ALAN across the Coquimbo Region

Light pollution is recognized as a global issue that, like other forms of anthropogenic pollution, has a significant impact on ecosystems and adverse effects on living organisms. Plentiful evidence suggests that it has been increasing at an unprecedented rate at all spatial scales. Chile—which, thanks to its unique environmental conditions, has become one of the most prominent astronomical hubs of the world—seems to be no exception. In this paper we present the results of the first observing campaign aimed at quantifying the effects of artificial lights at night on the brightness and colors of the Chilean sky. Through the analysis of photometrically calibrated all-sky images captured at four representative sites with an increasing degree of anthropization, and the comparison with state-of-the-art numerical models, we show that significant levels of light pollution have already altered the appearance of the natural sky even in remote areas. Our observations reveal that the light pollution level recorded in a small town of the Coquimbo Region is comparable with that of Flagstaff, Arizona, a ten times larger Dark Sky city, and that a mid-size urban area that is a gateway to the Atacama Desert displays photometric indicators of night sky quality that are typical of the most densely populated regions of Europe. Our results suggest that there is still much to be done in Chile to keep light pollution under control and thus preserve the darkness of its night sky—a natural and cultural heritage that it is our responsibility to protect.

“Reading”, “listening” and sound, light environment

Sound is always an important medium for passing on knowledge and skills as well as for communicating information. Reading accompanies the use of the brain in the silent reading of words, an act that transforms textual information into verbal information. People can “listen” and “read” in a dark or low light environment. Learning and thinking in a quiet, dark environment is not only conducive to the formation of innovative thinking, but also the inheritance of ancient ideas of health and wisdom. Modern disciplines follow the human perception mechanism and advocate concepts of “Quiet Area” (in soundscape discipline) and “Dark Night Sky” (in lightscape discipline). It is in accordance with the ancients preference of thinking and learning in a “quiet, dark environment”, which is consistent with the law of the matter and the origin of things. This also reflects the integration of human life wisdom and modern science.

Enhancing solar efficiency around the clock through simultaneous solar energy harvesting and radiative cooling

Despite global urbanization, a significant part of the world's population lacks access to the electrical grid. Photovoltaic (PV) cells offer off-grid electricity but face efficiency challenges and shortened lifespans due to prolonged exposure to high temperatures. While PV cells traditionally generate electricity only during daylight, our innovative system integrates radiative cooling (RC), thermoelectric generators (TE), and phase change materials (PCM). In comprehensive tests, our system effectively lowered the PV module temperature by 15 °C during daylight at 800 W/m2 irradiance. Under a clear night sky, it achieved a remarkable 20 % improvement in power generation (120 mV) compared to previous studies. This advancement positions our system as a continuous power source for sustained electricity generation in off-grid settings, contributing to temperature moderation and extending Photovoltaic module lifespan without compromising efficiency. To optimize performance, we used COMSOL software, analyzing factors like wind speed, ambient temperature, irradiation intensity, and the photovoltaic cell to thermoelectric generator area ratio. Insights from this analysis form the basis for future enhancements and upgrades.